The Impact Of Immigration On The United States - 1491 Words

In the late 19th century the United States experienced a wave of immigrants looking for work and/or escaping worsening conditions in their home countries. These immigrants, predominantly received through Ellis Island on the East Coast, would settle down in larger urbanized cities such as New York and Chicago. This was partially due to the amount of available jobs and housing, but also because of the appeal of staying close to other families from their homeland. By gathering in these communities they were able to keep their traditions alive through things such as native language and religion. However, since many of the immigrants were low income households, the communities were largely forced to live in poverty-level housing and provided with almost no social services by the federal government. It was this need for welfare that enabled political urban machines to rise in power. By providing support such as jobs and services to impoverished immigrant communities, these organizations th rived off of the loyalty, and therefore votes, that they received in return. Historical Background Although the amount of people living in cities had vastly increased since the late 18th century, the representation for cities in state legislature and congress did not increase to reflect this change in dynamic. By 1870, 44% of New York City’s population was made up of immigrants, while San Francisco’s was at 49% (Donovan). With this increase in population came the need for an increase in socialShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Immigration On The United States1301 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The US Council of Economic Advisers on Immigration s Economic Impact. Population and Development Review, 33. 3, (2007), 641. Web. Feb. 2017. Immigration remains the subject of significant public and political debate in the United States. In May and June of 2007, a lot of public attention was concentrated on a debate in the U.S congress on legislation. The bill in front of the senate formally named the â€Å"Secure Borders, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Reform Act of 2007,† was controversialRead MoreImpact Of Immigration On The United States1017 Words   |  5 Pagespassed during that time that affected immigrants. America’s view at this time reflected that of strong Nativism. Several anti-immigration groups had their fair share of influence in political affairs that had a negative affect on certain groups. This paper will outline the events that led to three pieces of legislation. This paper will also highlight the impact on immigration and how the chosen pieces of legislation contributed to future legislation (if at all). The first piece of legislation highlightedRead MoreThe Impact Of Immigration On The United States1415 Words   |  6 PagesRecent immigration has not only increased since the end of World War 2, but also gained momentum, reaching numbers in the 1990s. The national origin of US immigrants also changed sharply over the past fifty years. Before 1960, the vast majority came from European countries or Canada. Even as late as the 1950s, more than two-thirds of all arrivals were from these countries. During 1960s, however, when family reunification criteria rather than national origin quotas became the basis for allocatingRead MoreThe Impact Of Immigration On The United States971 Words   |  4 Pagesimmigrants in the United States? What is the impact of immigrants in the United States economic system? How can we define the history of immigration in the United States? According to Nancy Kleniewski, â€Å"It has often been said that the United States is a nation of immigrants. Immigration has been a long-term trend, but both the locations where immigrants settle and the places from which they come have changed over the years† (Kleniewski, 169). For a very long time in the United States, there seemsRead MoreImpact Of Immigration On The United States1283 Words   |  6 Pagescreate a safer border environment by facing the multiple Issues and Challenges, like illegal Immigration, Drug Enforcement, and cross-border Transportation, and Technological improvements by Homeland security influence the agents, trying to cease these issues. A vast complication that the United States goes through is the huge illegal immigration. Each year thousands of illegal immigrants enter the United States across the U.S.-Mexican border. The result is that the congress has mandated increased effortsRead MoreImpact Of Immigration On The United States Essay1434 Words   |  6 Pagesharm. Major impacts of immigration can be observed in several forms of a countries economic system such as employment opportunities for both immigrated workers as well as current citizens along with unemployment rates, wages, profit margins, the ability of local and international business’ to grow and the overall GDP of the specific country. For this paper specifically the developed country that will be analysed will be Australia. Considered to be one of the worlds â€Å"major immigration nations† (togetherRead MoreThe Impact Of Immigration On The United States1279 Words   |  6 Pagescreate a safer border environment by facing the multiple Issues and Challenges, like illegal Immigration, Drug Enforcement, and cross-border Trans portation, and Technological improvements by Homeland security influence the agents, trying to cease these issues. A vast complication that the United States goes through is the huge illegal immigration. Each year thousands of illegal immigrants enter the United States across the U.S.-Mexican border. The result is that the congress has mandated increased effortsRead MoreThe Impact Of Immigration On The United States1469 Words   |  6 Pagescontaining several scholarly articles such as JSTOR and GALE. Two sources that will be used to preforme OPVL are a personal interbore from a man who worked in downtown Houston during the 1990’s, and an article published examining the influx of immigration into Texas during the 1990’s Summary of Evidence- During the 1990’s there was an influx in foreign born population. In Texas the native born population was approximately 15,462,074 people. The foreign born population was 1,524,436 meaning thatRead MoreThe Impact Of Immigration On United States1989 Words   |  8 PagesThe Impact of Immigration on United States (U.S.) Economy Introduction In recent times, migration has been a major point of discussion at different international fora. According to the United Nations (UN), more than 175 million people, about three percent of world’s population, live and work permanently outside their countries of birth (UN, 2002). The changing faces of European migration, at the beginning of the new millennium is different from those of fifty years ago. Also, in the late 19th andRead MoreThe Impact Of Immigration On The United States1925 Words   |  8 PagesImmigration is a very broad topic, a topic that has been highly discussed in the past. However, what is the reason that most people think people migrate from Mexico, Honduras, El Salvador, or Guatemala? Most would say it is because of job opportunities that will better their families. Some say it is because of the higher rate of freedom in the United States. However, not many people look at the hard environments back in the homelands of the immigrants. Maybe a big reason for crossing the border

The Government Accountability Office A Challenge For The...

The Government Accountability Office has pointed out that the important practice of effective risk management is a challenge for the Congress and the administration. Risk management is a strategic process of helping policymakers to make decisions about assessing risk, and having limited allocating resources in taking actions under conditions of uncertainty (GAO, 2008). However, with the policymakers recognizing the risk management, it helps them to make informed decisions, while Congress and the administration have charged federal agencies to use a risk-based move to prioritize resource investments. In addition, the federal agencies often do not have enough comprehensive risk management strategies that merge well with the program, budget, and investment decisions (GAO, 2008). Between combing the approach of risk management, the process of decision-making is very difficult for any organization. In addition, it has been reported that the GAO says it is particularly difficult for the De partment of Homeland Security (DHS) to be given its diverse set of responsibilities. Homeland Security is responsible though for all hazards in the homeland security risk from natural disasters, industrial, and terrorist attacks. Experts have provided the history of natural disasters with the extensive historical data used to assess risks (GAO, 2008). However, to compare the data about terrorist attacks those are comparatively limited with both sides and are adaptive nature of our enemiesShow MoreRelatedThe Government Accountability Office Is A Challenge For The Congress And The Administration1313 Words   |  6 PagesThe Government Accountability Office has pointed out that the important practice of effective risk management is a challenge for the Congress and the administration. Risk management is a strategic process in helping policymakers to make decisions about assessing risk, and having limited allocating resources in taking action under conditions of uncertainty (GAO, 2008). However, with the policymakers recognizing the risk management, it helps them to make informed decisions, while Congress and the administrationRead MoreAviation Security: An Increased Focus and Concern919 Words   |  4 Pagesaviation security was a minor concern in the initial years of aviation, it has become a major issue of concern in the modern world. Actually, civil aviation security is a high priority for air travelers, the international air community, and the Federal Government. The increased focus and concern on aviation security has been fueled by a series of events that have happened throughout the history of aviation. These events include hijackings, assault on passengers and aviation workers, and terrorism. RolesRead MoreThe Security Of Rail Transportation1609 Words   |  7 Pagescarries millions of tons of freight yearly (United States Government Accountability Office, 2009). Freight and passenger rail infrastructure intertwine and depended on each other. They include common bridges, tunnels, control centers, tracks, signals, and switches and this make it very difficult to secure (United States Government Accountability Office, 2009). After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, congress passed series of laws aimed at securing the United StatesRead MoreBarack Obama s Accomplishments And Challenges Essay1718 Words   |  7 Pagescontroversial presidents in the recent U.S. history. This paper will examine Obama s legacy by introducing his background prior to the white House; analyze Obama’s major accomplishments and challenges in the past 8 years. As well as examines the internal opposition force from the other branches of the government Obama faced when conducting domestic policy. Obama was born on August 4, 1961, in Honolulu, Hawaii, to a white mother from Kansas, Stanley Ann Dunham, and a black father from Kenya, BarackRead MoreFederal Bureaucracy and Tasks Specialization1724 Words   |  7 Pagespublic comments. running for elected office make changes in an agency’s annual budget proposals Interagency councils the Department of Defense adjudicating/engaging in quasi-judicial processes implementing public policies ensure opportunities for public participation in the rule-making process by nominating federal appointees the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) the Tennessee Valley Authority the General Accountability Office (GAO) providing services not fully trustedRead MoreA Government Divided Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesSecurity Office the average income for an American citizen is $41,673.83 (Social Security Administration, 2011). Although these statistics are loosely based the average is a sample. One could argue it is not accurate to the current economic standings although the debt values are. This explains why currently the approval rating for Congress is below 20% according to the new Gallup polls (Gallup, 2011). The Washington Post posted an article called, Poll: Voters say throw out entire Congress, where theRead MorePublic Managing Competing Agendas : The United States Department Of Health And Human Services Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 2: Public Administration- Managing Competing Agendas The United States Department of Health and Human Services is an organization which plays an essential role within the policy issues concerning the Healthcare Reform Act. The Department of Health and Human Services goal is to protect the health of all Americans. Thus for providing adequate and essential human services, especially for those who are incapable of doing so for themselves. Throughout this essay, one will examine the organizationalRead MoreThe Administration Of Public Health1286 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the reasons is that the ACA had a lot of money that was spent on lobbyists. This was illustrated in the ACA video shown in class. From that video it became known that Obama had to have â€Å"buy-ins† with many congress people for them to vote for the ACA bill. There were several congress people with ties to special interest groups, lobbyists and corporations. Parts of the ACA were therefore negotiated in order to satisfy multiple groups resulting in a â€Å"water ed-down† product. Another important elementRead MoreEvaluation Of The Article Program Evaluation Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesManagement and Policy Making discusses the United States Government Accountability Office attempting to view how various federal agencies utilize program evaluations The Government Accountability Office (GOA) â€Å"examines the use of public funds; evaluates federal programs and policies; and provides analyses, recommendations, and other assistance to help Congress make informed oversight, policy, and funding decisions†( U.S Government Accountability Office, 2013, p. 1). The article discusses a sample of 4,391Read MoreImpact Of Cybercrime Today : Government And Private Industry Through Information Sharing Methods1354 Words   |  6 Pagesforcing government and security agencies to place focus on cybersecurity within government, private, and public sectors. In 2015, the administration intends to pass legislation to strengthen cybersecurity a cross the U.S. government and private industry through information sharing methods. Contradictory controversy exists whether the government may dictate how the private industry should carry out their cybersecurity, if so, is it effective? Over the last several years, the government has collaborated

Case Study On Wireless SME Call Centre Network Design Report

Question: a) Understand the requirements and implementation of transporting wireless applications within an office environment.b) Compare and choose wireless technology for any given situation.c) Discuss and give advice on QOS and traffic issues within an ISP including configuration requirement.d) Discuss issues concerning the implementation of converged data and voice within a wireless environment networks.e) Comprehension of basic security issues. Answer: Introduction In the company XYZ, there is a need to analyze that these wireless warehouse are mainly setup for the communication to the wireless and the network operating requirements. The communications are seen to be channeled through the central call manager and then through the relaying. The operator has been set with the wireless warehousing of the Basic Signaling set of BSS for the voice and data communications. The wireless routing has been able to setup the DHCP server to handle the calls with the external network and the IP phone system, which dials some other external base of the customer with the proper IP address and the communicator. Task A The wireless routing strategy is important, as it will help in connecting to the customer through the wireless systems. The retention routing system will help in calculating the risks whether the customers are leaving. The calls could be easily prioritize depending upon the requirement along with adjusting the routing strategy and the messages. The indication could be easily seen in the analytical reports where the current routing is set as the effective retention rule. The routing of the calls to the last agent will help in assuring the contact centers with the technology to facilitate the call routing. This will also assure the follow-up calls, which are important to handle the best prospect of routing. The arrangement is integrated to the call routing and the cross-selling scenario in the queue where the messages are seen to be customized to any particular customer. The wait time is for the promotion of the newer product and the multi-channel queuing process. The routing across ha s been important to incorporate the business facilities. With the reliability and setup of the sensor modes, the reliability of the data with the end-to-end delays has been set for the real time and delay sensitivity approach. The packet loss ratio and the end-to-end help in setting the nodes with mobility along with handling the quality of service with consumption of energy. The wireless routing could be possible through the multi-hop routing where the single hop could help in increasing the throughput with the efficient network approach with reliability of data applications. The applications set for the wireless routing strategy are mainly connected to the enforcement of disaster recovery with distributed computing, crowd control, search and the rescue. The major strategy has been set to scale the population with addressing the multimedia communications with interactive traffic and a higher quality of service, which is implemented through hierarchical routing and on-demand routing. Task B The issues with the UDP occurs when the services could not be obtained through the port, as it needs to be functioned appropriately. There are changes in the allocation of port of the DNS server, when there is installation of security update. The service conflicts are likely to be seen in the multirole servers, which offers an additional role of DNS functionality. There are certain problems related to the security with the running on the port with the security service. The service is seen to be vulnerable with the hacking as it exploits the system thereby, allowing the remote access, overflow etc. The security of the UDP connection is based on handling the TCP connections with the additional communication ports. For the UDP, the Cisco Call Manager provides the use of the connections, which are intra-cluster for the communication with the external applications, and setup of devices. The entire configuration is based on Access Control List (ACL) and the quality of service (QoS) on the network when there is an IP communication solution implementation. In order to troubleshoot the one way voice calling messages, there is a need to make sure that the IP routing has been enables on the Cisco IOS Gateway. There is a need to check on the basic IP reachability in order to verify that the data has been appropriate for the media termination configuration of the points. This will bind to the H.323 signaling on the IOS Gateway and routers. The check is mainly on sending the receiving all the important supervisions to verify the configurations based on the Cisco IOS gateway. The major problem of TCP use in wireless networks is the loss of the wireless links and other hand-offs. There are loss wireless links where the TCP cannot distinguish in the congestion and error loss. The misunderstanding of the error loss has been considered to be congestion loss where the TCP sender back off the performance degradation. The functionalities depend on handling the reliable system with the in-order delivery of the packets to the applications. This also includes the congestion control along with avoidance of the mechanism functions. The TCP needs to be tuned with the wired network where the loss in packet is mainly due to the congestion issues. This is because the error rates have been fixed in the wired networks, which are negligible. The error rates in wireless networks are set to an order with the large magnitude. Here, the packets are seen to be dropper with corruption over the entire wireless link to control the congestion mechanism, when the sender kicks with th e reduction in the size of the window and decrease in the throughput. Considering the problem, Cisco has been working on the network to properly implement the solution for the sender, receiver, wired network as well as the wireless network. There is a need to also focus on the implementation layer, MAC Layer that makes the wireless links more reliable through the use of the link level ACKs or the TCP layers with the awareness of the wireless losses. The guidelines for the configuration are when the commands are enabled to cache the IP address and the UDP port information for handling the logical channels. This also prevents the RTP stream from the application layer with reduced CPU utilization. Part C For the extending of the signal from the wireless router, there is a need to focus on structuring the company ABC in the way to assure the effective wireless routing. The technology names beamforming helps in directing the signal of the router to the wireless clients, which help in setting a better performance. The interference with the signal help sin setting up the router, which needs the software, updates with improved performance. The Ethernet link and the wireless is helpful in setting the Extended Signalling Set (ESS) with one router to the other as shown in the figure. Hence, this will improve the connectivity along with extension to the warehouse mobile PCs with the help of IP communicator and the cube clients. There is a possibility to handle the support through the wireless distribution system, which allows in setting the connection over a wider range. This works in the form of two modes where there is a point-to-point link, which does not need to allow for the connections to wireless clients. The mode is important for the handling of network. The wireless repeating is where the signal is seen to be repeating and the wireless clients could easily join. The WDS is set as a through the dedicated wireless range extender. This helps in setting and connecting through the original network and the main network is seen to be out of range. The dedicated wireless helps in handling the latency and solving the problem of speed. The wireless network with the device help in the attaching to the access points with the strongest signal set. Another way to exten d the signals is through setting up the router as a repeater, which is through the Powerline or some Ethernet adaptors. This is possible through the use of custom firmware, which allows in handling the performance with SSID, security settings and the IP address. The boosters are mainly for the extension in the larger area with the extenders (called repeaters) for the extension and boost up of the signal range. The technology carries the network data over the entire wiring with the setting of the wireless networks, through SSID for the extender and router. The basic signals (BSS) could be easily handled in the Company XYZ, through the use of the wireless router, which helps in connection to the warehouse network, the server of the company and the external customer base, which has the phone and communicator. The basic signals are transmitted to the call manager with the TFTP and the DHCP server with the setup of external network through which there is a possibility to set the efficient connections. The Access Point are mainly for the use of extension of WiFi range with Wireless Access points. The wireless communications are mainly helpful in speeding up the throughput and offers a higher coverage of signals. There have been wireless sensor networks to handle the collection of data with formulating the clear user displays with decision making functions. The system has been set up through the technology with digital signals. The major advantage is the signal regeneration, which propagates through the air medium, thereby, encountering the noise, or interference, which change the signal waveform. The digital signals are set to correspond with data rate where the transfer of the data is mainly through the wireless network. The data rate helps in sending data from one point to other, which also directs to the higher throughput rate. Part D As per the observation, there are problems of the Radio Frequency waves to pass through the network. The major issues, which could be seen, are the radio interference, electromagnetic induction, the problems of the cable and the antenna problems. The radio interference is mainly for the operation of the 2.4 GHZ band of Cisco WLAN. The other transmitters can easily use this for handling the same frequency. The spectrum analyser has been important for determining the activity of the frequency where the carrier busy test has been important for setting and generating the different frequency activity. The WLAN will help in handling the test show, which are operating on the frequency with respect to the running of the tests. There is a need to determine about how the equipment can operate along with handling the system radio interfaces on the client with the access points or the bridge interference. The CRC and PLCP errors are also due to the RF interference where there are APs, bridges an d the clients to assure the higher chances of the errors. Hence, for this, the electromagnetic interference has been operating to the WLAN, which affects the reception and signal transmission. The isolation is mainly to minimise the effects of EMI along with supplying the conditioned power to the WLAN equipment set. The cable problems are considered to be the major source of the radio communication problem over long distances. Hence, it is important to make sure to handle the signal strength at a lower range. The problems of antenna calculate the maximum distance with line of Sight and antenna placement. Due to the nature of the propagation of radio wave, there have been devices with some omni-directional antenna to communicate. The reasons for reduced signal strength is the problem in the used radiation pattern where there are higher gain omni and lower gain omni antennas. Considering the setup, there are issues related to the small warehouse glass metal walls and the floors, which impacts majorly on handling the communication distance with increased throughput. There I a need to focus on handling free space dissipation which is only possible through the router with the extender that will spread the signals through a larger distance. The wireless activity for the IEEE 802.11 standard for handling the WLAN solutions are through the de-facto standards. The operating speeds of the system are mainly through enabling the wired system with handling system performance through the use of temporary connections. In office, WLAN has been important to provide the solution without any need for the permanent wiring setup. This provides the cost saving and help in the changes without any rewiring. These standards are important for operating the different frequency bands, which makes it helpful for handling the raw data rates to a level of 600 Mbps. The standards meet the different features along with the 802.11b for the WLAN. This helps in handling the data rates through the use of a modulation scheme, which is for supporting the Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum. This is important for the modulation technique of the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), which use the 5GHz band. For the increase of speed, there was a ratified offered through the allowed bandwidth rate. The WLAN networks are infrastructure networks and adhoc networks, which are important for providing the hotspot to provide the cost savings in the office. The backbone wired network is connected to the server with the hold of access points to control the cell. The Access Points have a range of primarily 30 and 300m, which depends on the Access Point location. The Ad-Hoc network is set to form the wired connections with no Access Points to enable the peripheral to control the network. There are 802.11 use of the Ethernet protocol and Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance to handle the path sharing factors. This is with the use of providing higher data speed and reduced vulnerability to interference. For the WLAN access, the firewalls can easily provide the accessing control with VPN termination. The firewalls have a spare capacity with the secured new network. The WLANs have been for the extra bandwidth, which depends on the VPN processing and placing the demands on the firewall. The best option is to provide a gateway for the wireless LANs, which has DHCP address for inspection of packets at the MAX address and the user levels. This enforce and provide the SSL portals for easy visitor login and the VPN tunnel persistence. The 802.11 has been able to handle the authentication and encryption where the shared key authenticable is enabled through association to AP. The wired equivalent privacy (WEP) has been for setting the RC4 cipher in order to han dle the data encryption along with authenticated stations. This is applied to the extending authentication protocol to LANs wired and wireless to define the messages with the backend authentication servers. The encryption keys are supplied through the authorised stations as per the session basis. Part D There have been issues related to the passive attacks to decrypt traffic of WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) which are based on the statistical analysis. The attacks have been to inject the newer traffic from all the unauthorised mobile stations with the decryption of attack. These are based on the tricking of access points with the dictionary build attacks. The major problem is the problem of the clients in the wireless network for the longer time period. This is called as security vulnerability. The shared keys are able to handle the wireless networks with small and clear text to initialise the key stream by RC4 algorithm. It is tough to use the two keys to encrypt every bit of information send. This is used for the encryption of all the information. Hence, for the recommended change, there is a need to use the WPA2 for handling the secured password with the internet traffic. There are problems of the authentication methods, which leads to the concerns, related to the security streng th. The approach has been focusing on the authentication, access control and replay prevention with message modification detection and message privacy along with key protection. The key used has been for the message modification detection where there is a need to prevent the tampering along with integrity check value. Conclusion The wireless technology set is important to take care of the entire voice and the data communications in the warehouse that are through the database server of the company. The entire system helps in handling the system protocol with the TFTP and DHCP server to manage the network with IP communicator with cube client as given in the figure. This is also helpful to analyze the request of any customer and he is able to connect with the company partner in order to integrate a contract center platform with the remote agents. References Bianchi, G., 2000. Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function. IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications, 18(3), pp.535-547. Raniwala, A. and Chiueh, T.C., 2005, March. Architecture and algorithms for an IEEE 802.11-based multi-channel wireless mesh network. In Proceedings IEEE 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. (Vol. 3, pp. 2223-2234). IEEE. Cal, F., Conti, M. and Gregori, E., 2000. Dynamic tuning of the IEEE 802.11 protocol to achieve a theoretical throughput limit. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (ToN), 8(6), pp.785-799. Crow, B.P., Widjaja, I., Kim, L.G. and Sakai, P.T., 1997. IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks. IEEE Communications magazine, 35(9), pp.116-126. Wu, H., Peng, Y., Long, K., Cheng, S. and Ma, J., 2002. Performance of reliable transport protocol over IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN: analysis and enhancement. In INFOCOM 2002. Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Proceedings. IEEE (Vol. 2, pp. 599-607). IEEE. Gleichauf, R.E., Teal, D.M. and Wiley, K.L., Cisco Technology, Inc., 2002. Method and system for adaptive network security using intelligent packet analysis. U.S. Patent 6,499,107. Cheriton, D.R. and Bechtolsheim, A.V., Cisco Systems, Inc., 2000. Method for traffic management, traffic prioritization, access control, and packet forwarding in a datagram computer network. U.S. Patent 6,091,725. Orebaugh, A., Ramirez, G. and Beale, J., 2006. Wireshark Ethereal network protocol analyzer toolkit. Syngress. Feeney, L.M. and Nilsson, M., 2001. Investigating the energy consumption of a wireless network interface in an ad hoc networking environment. In INFOCOM 2001. Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Proceedings. IEEE (Vol. 3, pp. 1548-1557). IEEE. Jain, K., Padhye, J., Padmanabhan, V.N. and Qiu, L., 2005. Impact of interference on multi-hop wireless network performance. Wireless networks, 11(4), pp.471-487.

Prussia Essays - House Of Hohenzollern, Prussian Army, Prussia

Prussia Analyze the military, political, and social factors that account for the rise of Prussia between 1640 and 1786. The rise of Prussia between 1640 and 1786 occurred as a result of a combination of military, political, and social factors. War and the threat of war aided Frederick William and Frederick William I greatly in their attempts to build royal absolutism in Prussia. Due to the wartime atmosphere, Frederick William and Frederick William I were able to reduce the political power of the landlord nobility, and allow them to keep control over the peasantry. The landlords, satisfied with being unchallenged masters of their peasants, did not challenge the monarchs' power, which ultimately led to the rise of Prussia. When Frederick William, of the Hohenzollern family, later known as the ?Great Elector,? gained power in 1640, in Brandenburg, Prussia, and scattered land along the Rhine in western Germany, he was determined to unify the areas and assert royal absolutism. During the early seventeenth century, the Estates of the provinces, dominated by the nobility and landowners, or the ?Junkers,? controlled taxation. However, the Great Elector gained power over in Brandenburg in 1653 and in Prussia between 1661 and 1663 to levy taxes without the Junkers' consent. The Great Elector took military actions to defend his land. In 1660, he first financed a permanent standing army. He obtained the revenue to do so by imposing permanent taxes on the Estates without their consent. The soldiers doubled as tax collectors and policemen, becoming the core of the rapidly expanding state bureaucracy. Due to financial independence and an excellent army, Frederick William reduced the power of the Estates. He also tripled the state's total revenue during his reign and greatly expanded the army, welcoming French Huguenot immigrants as talented, hard-working soldiers. War was a decisive factor in the rise of Prussia as an absolutist state. In the mid sixteenth century, the wars between Sweden and Poland, the wars of Louis XIV, and the wild invasions of the Tartars brought about a belligerent atmosphere that caused the Estates to look to Frederick William for military protection against foreign invasion. Social factors also accounted for the rise of Prussia. The nobles had long dominated the government through the Estates; moreover, they were more concerned with their individual rights and privileges, particularly their unlimited control over the peasants. Therefore, in 1653 and after, when the Great Elector reconfirmed the power of the nobles over the peasants, they did not attack him for reducing their political power. The nobility accepted a compromise, whereby the ruler had the power to tax and mainly taxed towns, but the landlords had power over the peasants and on their land. Elector Frederick III, who succeeded Frederick William, did virtually nothing profitable for Prussia. Frederick William I, ?the Soldiers' King?, succeeded Frederick III in 1713 and truly established Prussian absolutism. He created the best army in Europe, for its size, and infused military values into the whole society. His intense military power caused Prussia's great expansion of royal absolutism. Frederick William I created a strong centralized bureaucracy that allowed commoners to rise to top positions in the civil government, and with its creation, vanished the last traces of the parliamentary Estates and local autonomy. In order to prevent Junker rebellions, Frederick William enlisted the Junkers into the army and they comprised the officers. Similar to the social situation on the estates, the nobility also commanded the peasantry in the army. Frederick William achieved results in that the standing army increased by forty-five thousand soldiers during his reign. Prussia, twelfth in Europe in population, had the fourth largest army by 1740. Only the much more populous states of France, Russia, and Austria had larger forces, and even France's army was only twice as large as Prussia's. The Prussian army became the best in Europe, admired for the soldiers' precision, skill, and discipline. This army would usually win the crucial military battles for the next two hundred years. Between 1640 and 1786, under the rule of Frederick William and Frederick William I, Prussia rose to be a leading royal absolutist power in Europe. Military, political, and social factors account for this rise. Frederick William's organization of a permanent standing army and